L1, L2, and L3 Interpretation of the Subjunctive in French and Spanish

This work looks at how factors such as cross-linguistic transfer affect the degree of attainment of one morphosyntax-pragmatic interface phenomenon in particular: the subjunctive in French and Spanish in contexts where mood can alternate without ungrammaticality. The results from our scenario selection task suggest that positive cross-linguistic influence occurs both from the direction of the L2 to the L3 and from the L3 to the L2 since the multilingual learners outperformed the bilingual learners, most likely due to their increased exposure to the subjunctive in more than one non native tongue. Such results also suggest that adult L2 learners are better able to acquire an interface phenomenon when they are also learning an L3 which uses it in the same way, because they are able to advantageously apply their knowledge of this concept in French to Spanish, and vice-versa. As a central question in regards to L2 adult learners is their ability to successfully acquire interface phenomena, our findings lead us to join the side of the debate that believes a near-native competence is possible despite the difficulties acquisition of these phenomena entails.