The beneficial effects of probiotics via autophagy

Protective effects of probiotics on various cells and tissues have been described. For instance, administrating adequate doses of probiotics protects the heart from damage, increases metabolism, modulates immune system function, increases the survival rate, improves growth performance, contributes to the gastrointestinal health condition, prevent the pathogen infection in vitro and in vivo condition, reduce free radical damage, and prevent tumor progression.Different pathways have been suggested regarding these organisms’ mechanism, such as the autophagy modulation. The role of autophagy is diverse in different tissues and situations., autophagy-dependent cell death has been observed in some cells following overloaded autophagy, On the other hand, it has been observed that impaired autophagy led to some diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), tuberculosis neurodegeneration, and aging.In this book, we tried to review the autophagic mechanism of probiotic microbes by which they improve health with emphasis on recent discoveries in the field.