Antibiotics and Heavy Metal Resistance of Escherichia Coli

One of the concerns in the biological sciences and medicine is bacterial and fungal resistance, where the resistance of some of these bacteria to chemical drugs is more than 90%.The first time, Alexander Fleming, a well.known biologist and botanist, studied the resistance of bacteria and won the Nobel Prize in 1945. Nowadays, when drug resistance is created, the drug is changed to fight bacteria and pathogenic fungi. over the years, natural medicines, especially medicinal plants, were the basis and, in some cases, the only means, while their raw materials were used in the pharmaceutical industry. The early twentieth century, the advancement of chemistry and the discovery of complex organic synthesis systems, led to the development of the pharmaceutical industry and the choice of synthetic drugs instead of herbal medicines. But at the same time as the advancement in the production of new chemical drugs and antibiotics, gradually appeared the harmful effects of these drugs By the 1950s, several bacterial pathogens were resistant to antibiotics, which is still expanding.