Protamines and Sperm DNA Integrity of Smokers and Non-Smokers

These data in the present book clarify the negative effects of smoking on sperm quality at molecular biological level especially in childless population. Besides, the association between smoking and reactive oxygen species (Ros) generation highly illustrated, which affect negatively not only the reproductive system but although the the entire body.Therefore, the authors recommend that childless patients should quit smoking at least three months before they undergoing in assisted reproduction therapy.