Carbonization and Dielectric Properties of Bio wastes

Advancement of newer technology is paying less attention towards utilization of a huge amount of plant/biological wastes generated every day; a lot of dried leaves from plant and trees and other biological waste viz. Chicken feather etc. remains unutilized rather creating environmental pollution. Plants from warmer climates have developed an additional ability to first fix CO2 by combining it with a three-carbon compound (phosphorenol-pyruvate) to form a four-carbon compound (oxaloacetate). This is C4 photosynthesis. The passage of CO2 into the leaf is associated with loss of water, since CO2 and water are molecules of similar size. Specialized anatomy in C4 plants allows these two processes to be separated. The four-carbon intermediate is transported to specialized cells, where it is de-carboxylated to produce bicarbonate that is then fixed in the normal C3 pathway. Although few countries in the world are presently producing and using bio-char, but tudies/research on the valuable utilization of the plant wastes and chicken feather is over looked. This book is on bio-char processing from various plants and also investigated their dielectric properties.